However, the variability of wind and solar power does not correspond with most demand, and as substantial capacity has been built in several countries in response to government incentives, occasional massive output – as well as occasional zero output – from these sources creates major problems in maintaining the reliability and economic viability of the whole system. With government encouragement to utilize wind and solar technologies, their costs have come down and are now in the same league per kilowatt-hour dispatched from the plant as the costs of fossil fuel technologies, especially where there are carbon emissions charges on electricity generation from them. Solar thermal technologies in particular (with some heat storage) have great potential in sunny climates. Wind turbines have developed greatly in recent decades, solar photovoltaic technology is much more efficient, and there are improved prospects of harnessing the energy in tides and waves. The relatively dilute nature of wind and solar mean that harnessing them is very materials-intensive – many times that from energy-dense sources. Today many countries are well advanced in meeting that challenge, while also testing the practical limits of doing so from wind and solar (variable renewable energy, VRE).
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There was never any doubt about the magnitude of these, the challenge was always in harnessing them so as to meet demand for reliable and affordable electricity. Attention again turned to the huge sources of energy surging around us in nature – sun, wind, and seas in particular.
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This was compounded by the increasing use of reticulated electricity based on fossil fuels and the importance of portable high-density energy sources for transport – the era of oil.Īs electricity demand escalated, with supply depending largely on fossil fuels plus some hydro power and then nuclear energy, concerns arose about carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions contributing to possible global warming.
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But attention swung away from renewable sources as the industrial revolution progressed on the basis of the concentrated energy locked up in fossil fuels. Technology to utilize the forces of nature for doing work to supply human needs is as old as the first sailing ship.
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